1. OECD, Digital Trade Review of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, May 19, 2026.
    https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/digital-trade-review-of-the-association-of-southeast-asian-nations_abd6f44a-en.html
  2. ASEAN, ASEAN Digital Economy Framework Agreement (DEFA) — Negotiating Framework.
  3. Demystifying DEFA: Policy and Political Drivers Across ASEAN.
    https://seapublicpolicy.org/work/demystifying-defa-policy-and-political-drivers-across-asean/
  4. ASEAN, Key Documents — Digital Economy Framework Agreement.
    https://asean.org/our-communities/economic-community/asean-e-commerce/key-documents/
  5. JETRO相關調查報告.
    https://www.jetro.go.jp/biz/areareports/special/2026/0201/b3d224f40dcd7d80.html
  6. Alibaba Group相關公告.
    https://www.alibabagroup.com/en-US/document-1491525894831865856
  7. AP News相關報道.
    https://apnews.com/article/indonesia-chinese-app-tiktok-ban-99ca4126596068c51804c2e274382c25
  8. Reuters, “TikTok violates Indonesian in-app transactions ban, says minister,” February 20, 2024.
    https://www.reuters.com/technology/tiktok-violates-indonesian-in-app-transactions-ban-says-minister-2024-02-20/
  9. ASEAN, Leaders’ Statement on The Development of The ASEAN Digital Economy Framework Agreement (DEFA).
    https://asean.org/leaders-statement-on-the-development-of-the-asean-digital-economy-framework-agreement-defa/